Understanding Vasculitis Rash : Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Vasculitis is the inflammation of the blood vessels. What exactly causes it is not known, but it is believed to occur due to a combination of genetic factors, environmental triggers, immune system dysfunction, infection, and even certain medications.

In an autoimmune condition, the immune system of the body mistakenly attacks the blood vessels.

Vasculitis can affect people of any age. However, a certain type is more common in specific age groups. The common symptoms of vasculitis include:

• Skin rash⁽¹⁾
• Joint pain
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Muscle aches
• Nerve problem
• Organ involvement

A rash is a change in the appearance and texture of the skin characterized by redness, discoloration, bumps, blisters, or abnormal skin patterns.

Rashes can occur because of different reasons including:

• Allergic reaction
• Irritants
• Infections
• Autoimmune conditions
• Inflammatory skin conditions

The appearance of the rash depends on the underlying cause.

Vasculitis can often manifest as skin rash. The rash due to vasculitis has different types depending on the type and severity of vasculitis as well as the specific blood vessel affected.

It may present as small and red or purple spots called petechiae or purpura if it occurs due to bleeding under the skin. It can also show up as nodules or plaques.

Apart from rash, vasculitis may also lead to itching, tenderness, or ulceration.

There are different types of vasculitis that manifest as different types of rashes. Some of the common types of vasculitis rash are:

• Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP): HSP is also known as IgA vasculitis. It is a type of vasculitis rash that primarily affects small blood vessels. The rash appears as small, raised, bluish, purplish spots on the skin.⁽³⁾ It is mostly seen affecting the lower legs and buttocks. A person affected with HSP often complains of joint pain, abdominal pain, and kidney involvement.
• Immune Complex Vasculitis: Immune complex vasculitis rash affects small blood vessels of the lower limbs. People having immune complex vasculitis often have purpura rash with purple spots. The rash occurs when the blood begins to leak under the skin.⁽²⁾

These rashes may begin on the small areas of the body such as ankles and may then spread to the abdomen and hands.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune condition that can involve immune-complex mediated vasculitis.

• Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis: This type of vasculitis is characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins, which are abnormal proteins that precipitate at lower temperatures. It affects small blood vessels and is associated with hepatitis C infection or autoimmune disorders.

The symptoms associated with vasculitis rash depend on the type and severity of vasculitis. The common symptoms include:

• Rash Appearance: There may be rashes that would present as red or purple spots, bumps, or patches on the skin. They can vary in size and shape. There may be small pinpoint or larger raised rashes.
• Rash Distribution: The rashes may be localized to a certain area of the body and may spread across the skin. Their distribution may be symmetrical or asymmetrical.
• Color Changes: The rashes may fade when pressure is applied and may return when the pressure is released.
• Itching and Discomfort: There may be pain and discomfort in the area of the rash.
• Progression: Over time the rash may evolve and change in appearance, spreading and resolving.

Vasculitis rash is often accompanied by other symptoms that may vary depending on the type and extent of vasculitis. These include:

• Pain and swelling in the joint
• Fatigue or malaise
• Fever
• Pain in the abdomen and other gastrointestinal symptoms
• Changes in the urine output
• Cough and shortness of breath
• Numbness and weakness

The diagnosis of vasculitis rash starts with the doctor taking the complete medical history in which he enquires about the previous episodes of vasculitis or autoimmune diseases. A physical examination is performed to assess the characteristic, distribution, and any other associated symptoms of the rash.

To diagnose vasculitis rash following tests may be done:

• Laboratory Test: To assess the extent and serenity of vasculitis, complete blood count, ESR, C-reactive protein test, immunological test, and kidney function test may be ordered.
• Skin Biopsy: Skin biopsy may be performed to examine the sample of the affected skin.⁽¹⁾ It helps in confirming the presence of vasculitis and determining the type and severity of blood vessel inflammation.
• Imaging Studies: Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT scan) may be done to assess the involvement of internal organs or larger blood vessels.

Depending on the suspected type of vasculitis and associated symptoms, additional tests or consultation from a specialist may be recommended.

The treatment of vasculitis depends on the underlying cause, severity, and type of vasculitis. The goal is to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, prevent organ damage, and promote overall well-being. The treatment usually subsides vasculitis within a few weeks or months.⁽⁵⁾ The treatment may involve:

• Medications: The medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. Some drugs that treat arthritis may also help with skin vasculitis. Colchicine is another drug that may help reduce vasculitis discomfort
• Symptoms Management: Topical creams or ointments are given to alleviate itching. Analgesic medications are given to relieve joint or muscle pain. In some cases, bed rest and elevating the affected area are recommended to reduce swelling.⁽⁴⁾
• Treating Underlying Condition: If vasculitis is due to an underlying condition treating the underlying cause can help in managing vasculitis effectively.
• Supportive care: In case the vital organs are affected hospitalization and close monitoring may be required. Intravenous fluids and nutritional support may be needed.

Working closely with a healthcare professional specializing in the treatment of vasculitis is important.

Preventing vasculitis rash involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the risk factors. Not all types of vasculitis are preventable as some have a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

Some of the preventive factors include:

• Preventing Infection: Vasculitis is triggered by infection. Taking precautions such as practicing good hygiene, receiving appropriate vaccination, and managing chronic infection can be helpful in reducing the risk of certain infections that could lead to vasculitis.
• Medication Management: Certain medications such as antibiotics or anti-convulsant may trigger vasculitis in some susceptible individuals. Those with a history of vasculitis should speak with a healthcare professional to assess the potential risk and benefits before starting any medication.
• Disease Management: Those with underlying conditions associated with vasculitis should speak with their healthcare professional to manage the condition.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help in preventing vasculitis. This may include eating a well-balanced diet, engaging in physical activity, and avoiding and quitting smoking.
• Early Detection and Treatment: If any concerning symptoms are observed, it is best to seek medical attention promptly.

Vasculitis rash is the manifestation of inflammation in the blood vessel. It is characterized by immune-mediated damage to the blood vessel. It appears as red or purple spots, bumps, or patches on the skin.

The diagnosis of vasculitis involves a comprehensive evaluation of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and sometimes skin biopsy or imaging studies. Treatment involves reducing inflammation, controlling symptoms, and preventing organ damage. The aim is to improve overall well-being.

If any rash is suspected to be due to vasculitis a healthcare professional should be consulted for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.