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At times, swelling in the posterior cervical lymph node occurs due to blockage of lymphatic vessels from an abnormality or infection. Once the body clears this pathway, the flow returns to normal causing the lymph node to regain its normal size. Swelling of the posterior cervical lymph node is caused by: Infection, Systemic triggers, vaccines and drugs and cancer. Learn more about the causes, treatment and diagnosis of swelling of posterior lymph node.